RODENTS  

HOUSE MOUSE - Mus domesticus  

Treatment : There are various trapping methods available and all poisons meet the requirements of the Animal (Cruel Poison) Act.

Tips:  The best way to avoid invasions of mice is to provide as little harborage as possible that might attract rodents. Seal as many holes and cracks in the outside of the home through which mice might enter (over 6mm).  Place all household rubbish in the dustbin and keep the lid shut. Put away excess food overnight. Thoroughly clean food preparation areas with anti bacterial spray. NB damage caused by rodents is rarely covered by insurance companies.

Threat:
Salmonella food poisoning & Weils disease
Fire (gnawing electrical cables)
Flood (gnawing pipes)
Destruction of goods (gnawing & contamination)
Prosecution Under:
1936 Public Health Act section 83-85
1949 Prevention of Damage by Pests Act
1974 Health & Safety at Work
1990 Food Safety Act
1995 Food Safety (General Food Hygiene) Regulations

Behaviour: People are more tolerant of mice than rats, although they can carry the same diseases and are more likely to transmit such diseases, as they are bolder and more curious, coming into closer contact with food, cooking utensils, work surfaces, etc.

A mouse can produce up to 80 droppings in 24 hours, therefore food and food preparation surfaces can easily become contaminated when only a small number of mice are present.

Probably the most known disease transmitted by mice is Salmonella food poisoning.

Most home invasions occur in the autumn, because the seeds and plants on which rodents feed outside are gone. Mice are excellent climbers and are capable of gaining entry through holes around soffit vents and around cables entering the building, holes in air bricks, even through vents on roofs. Most garage doors allow enough space for mice to fit underneath.

As with all rodent, their incisors need to be continuously ‘filed’, which they do by gnawing on electrical cables, pipes – in fact anything that is stored near their nest. As a result they are often the cause of fires or floods due to damaged wiring and pipes.

RATS

Treatment: There are various trapping methods available and all poisons meet the requirements of the Animal (Cruel Poison) Act. When poison is used the rats usually die in their holes.

Tips:  The best way to avoid invasions of rats is to provide as little harborage as possible that might attract rodents.
Seal holes and cracks in the outside of the home through which rats could gain access.
Do not put cooked veg or any meat on compost heaps as this encourages rats and foxes. 
Remove any potential food (bird or cat food), water sources and rubbish from the garden.
Replace or repair broken drains, sewer pipes or covers immediately.
Sheds should ideally be placed upon concrete blocks at least 7.5cm off the ground.
If you are bitten by a rat you should seek medical attention.
NB damage caused by rodents is rarely covered by insurance companies.

Threat:
Weils disease (Ieptospiral jaundice) and Salmonella food poisoning
Fire (gnawing electrical cables)
Flood (gnawing pipes)
Subsidence (burrowing)
Destruction of goods (gnawing & contamination)
Prosecution Under:
1936 Public Health Act section 83-85
1949 Prevention of Damage by Pests Act
1974 Health & Safety at Work
1990 Food Safety Act
1995 Food Safety (General Food Hygiene) Regulations

Brown Rat - Rattus norvegicus Also known as the Norway rat, Common rat or Sewer rat.
Behaviour: These rats live principally in basements, on the ground floor or in burrows under sheds or outbuildings. They are commonly found near food stores and rubbish dumps and grains of various sorts are favorite 'lunches'. When established around poultry houses, they feed on eggs and young chickens. They even have been known to kill lambs and piglets!

Although more at home on the ground, these rats are adept at climbing and have been observed traveling along telephone wires from one building to another and even up trees.

Rats are prolific breeders. The gestation period varies from 21 to 23 days and the number of young from two to fourteen (averaging seven or eight). The life span is reported to be 2-3 years.

To wear down incisor teeth which grow throughout their life time, rodents gnaw continuously; woodwork, soft metal pipes and electrical cables are common targets. The damage caused by rodents from fire, flooding due to burst pipes and subsidence caused by burrowing, results in considerable financial loss each year.

A single Brown rat may produce up to 40 droppings in 24 hours so the contamination potential of these animals is high.

Brown rats are capable of carrying several diseases, amongst which in the UK are Weils disease (Ieptospiral jaundice) and Salmonella food poisoning.

Every effort should be made to exterminate them when they are found on your premises.

Black Rat - Also know as the Ship rat or Roof rat.
Behavior: This rat is nocturnal as with the other species of pest rodents. It can be found worldwide but is very limited in the UK, normally restricted around large ports. This rat was responsible for spreading the Bubonic Plague (via fleas) throughout Europe in the Middle Ages. Fortunately in the UK , this disease does not exist, but can still be found, to some degree, in many other countries around the world.

GREY SQUIRRELS

Treatment: Grey squirrels are very smart – and curious. The best way to get rid of them is by live trapping. This is not without risk to the intrepid pest catcher. Grey squirrels can bite if they are cornered, frightened or have young in their nest. If you do get bitten it may be wise to seek medical advice in case it is decided that you need an injection against tetanus.

Tips: The best way to avoid invasions of squirrels is to provide as little harborage as possible that might attract rodents and seal as many holes and cracks in the outside of the home through which squirrels might enter. Ensure tree and foliage branches are at least 6ft from your house eves. Moth balls have been known to put squirrels off loft spaces.

Store bird nuts and seed in metal tins in garages or outhouses. Feed birds at least 20 feet from your property wherever possible – or use squirrel proof feeders. Better still, do not feed birds or foxes - the less food the better. NB damage caused by rodents is rarely covered by insurance companies.

Threat:
Fire (gnawing electrical cables)
Flood (gnawing pipes)
Destruction of goods & property (gnawing & contamination)
Prosecution Under:
1936 Public Health Act section 83-85
1949 Prevention of Damage by Pests Act
1974 Health & Safety at Work
1990 Food Safety Act
1995 Food Safety (General Food Hygiene) Regulations 

Behaviour: The grey squirrel was introduced into Britain around 1870 and has over run the native Red squirrels.

Squirrels really become a nuisance when they enter roof spaces and garages. They gnaw holes in fascia boards, joists, electric wiring (fire risk) – in fact anything you have stored. They can tear up loft insulation or bring grass, dry leaves, bark, twigs, moss or fur to make their nests, adding fleas and mites to the list of house guests. The sound of squirrels scurrying around above you is an eerie noise to those home alone.

Home Counties can squirrel proof areas by blocking gaps and entrances & repair damage. If you decide to have a go yourself – remember not to block entry points before getting rid of the squirrels first, as you may trap them inside. Prevention is better than a cure as eradicating squirrels can be difficult.

MAMMALS

MOLES

Treatment: Trapping is the best way to get rid of moles. Gassing may be an option if the treated area is at least 10 metres from any property.

Tips: DIY methods - try running a hose pipe into the hole for an hour or so (not when there is a hose pipe ban!). The mole may be forced to the surface where he can be 'dealt with'. You can also purchase mole scares which work on batteries. They emit a piercing sound which in theory drives away any resident moles. The cheapest option is plastic windmills put through the mole hill!

Threat: Driving budding gardeners to distraction - or tears!

Behaviour: Moles are one of the most frustrating pests to those with manicured lawns. Earthworms are the moles main food but they also eat insect larvae and other invertebrates. Moles are solitary by nature and live for the most of the time in their tunnel system.

Due to their tunneling, moles cause unsightly mounds of earth (mole hills) which prevent grass from growing back and allows weeds to propagate. Crops can be effected in the same way.

RABBITS

Treatment: Ferreting, netting, trapping, gassing or shooting

Tips: Rabbit netting can be used, but is not a cheap option. Rabbit proof your parameters. Essence of lion dung has been known to work on occasion (Honest! Available from some garden centres!)

Threat: Destruction of plants, lawns and crops. Risk of structural damage from burrowing.

Behaviour: Wild rabbits live in burrows or underground passages which they excavate. Rabbits are sociable and the burrows belonging to a community are collectively known as a warren. Although essentially nocturnal, they can be seen basking or grazing during the day.

Wild rabbits breed from February to September and after a gestation period of 30 - 32 days, give birth to five to eight young, having up to five litters per year.

Rabbits are exclusively vegetarian feeders, living on green herbs and on the tender shoots and bark of shrubs and young trees.


FOXES

Treatment: To comply with legislative requirements, foxes can only be trapped or snared by a professional. Under the Protection of Animals Act 1911, foxes may not be poisoned.

Tips: Do not leave food out for cats or birds as this will encourage foxes.
No cooked veg or any meat on open compost heaps. This encourages rats and foxes.
Ensure any outdoor pets are secure in their accommodation.
Garden Fencing - minimum 2 metres high with an overhang and 30 cm buried.
Essence of lion dung has been known to work on occasion (Honest! Available from some garden centres!)

Threat: Digging up gardens and land; noise during Jan/Feb. mating seasons; stealing pets & poultry. Mange passed onto domestic pets. Pungent Urine smells that are hard to get rid of.

Behaviour: Although foxes are mainly nocturnal they can be seen during the day. Foxes are territorial and they live in small family groups, generally living for about two years.

As well as killing live prey such as rodents, fish, hens, ducks, insects and rabbits the fox is very much a scavenger and is content to feed off fallen fruits, bird food and other food waste.

Foxes are usually controlled because of their nuisance value from digging and the noise they make during the mating season.

 

BIRDS  

Feral Pigeon
Treatment: Installation of anti-perch spiking, netting and wiring systems. Qualified technicians will carry out night shoots if necessary. (Home Counties Pest Control can also clean up and remove any droppings and mess.)

Tips : Holes in eaves, roofs & soffits where birds are gaining access can be proofed quickly & cheaply. Nests and any birds must be removed before filling the holes with wire and/or foam.  If birds or rodents are gaining access then building work is the only long term solution and any proofing carried out by us is only a temporary measure.
Birds can only be removed after the mating season when they are not nesting.

Threat:
Dropping can make steps, fire escapes, and pavements slippery.
Financial cost of cleaning defaced buildings
Noise & Smell
Disease - Salmonella food poisoning, ornithosis Histoplasmosis and cryptococosis (Pigeon fanciers lung)
Introduction of insect pests such as dermestid beetles, mites, lice, bird fleas, carpet beetles and fowl pest, Australian Spider Beetles, Moths,etc
Damage to food stuffs
Prosecution

Behaviour: The Feral pigeon is wide spread throughout the country and can be a serious pest in towns and cities.

Pigeon nests harbor numerous ectoparasites and dermestid beetles. Ectoparasites such as pigeon nest bugs, fleas, ticks and mites can bite, possible transmitting disease, welts and skin infection. Ectoparasites such as the Northern fowl mite frequently invade homes from pigeon nests in or on the building. Histoplasmosis and cryptococosis are systematic fungus diseases of man which may be contacted while cleaning up accumulations of dusty pigeon faeces. (The main being pigeon fanciers lung.)

Pigeon faeces commonly contaminate grain destined for use as human food. Nesting on buildings and ledges, they cause large amounts of fouling and damage to buildings and vehicles. Droppings can also make pavements, steps and external fire escapes slippery.  

House Sparrow
Treatment: Installation of anti-perch spiking, netting and wiring systems. Qualified technicians will carry out night shoots if necessary. (Home Counties Pest Control can also clean up and remove any droppings and mess.)

Tips : Holes in eaves, roofs & soffits where birds are gaining access can be proofed quickly & cheaply. Nests and any birds must be removed before filling the holes with wire and/or foam.  If birds or rodents are gaining access then building work is the only long term solution and any proofing carried out by us is only a temporary measure.
Birds can only be removed after the mating season when they are not nesting.

Threat:
Dropping can make steps, fire escapes, and pavements slippery.
Financial cost of cleaning defaced buildings
Noise & Smell
Disease - Salmonella food poisoning, ornithosis and fowl pest, Histoplasmosis and cryptococosis
Introduction of insect pests such as dermestid beetles, mites, lice etc
Damage to food stuffs
Prosecution

Behaviour: One of the most common of the garden birds, the House Sparrow is found throughout our towns and cities. Sparrow droppings can contaminate foodstuffs and their presence often leads to the introduction of insect pests such as the dermestid beetle, the chicken louse, bird louse and northern fowl mite.

House sparrows are a factor although minor, in the spread of fowl cholera, turkey blackhead, newcastle disease, avian tuberculosis, eastern equine encephalitis, pullorum, canary pox, anthrax and numerous helmith, fungal and protozoan parasites

These birds may become major pests in food manufacturing sites and supermarkets, where they enter the premises through open doors and windows, often finding suitable nesting sites indoors.

The noise and filth associated the house sparrows' nest are a nuisance in urban areas.  

Starling
Treatment: Installation of anti-perch spiking, netting and wiring systems. Qualified technicians will carry out night shoots if necessary. (Home Counties Pest Control can also clean up and remove any droppings and mess.)

Tips : Holes in eaves, roofs & soffits where birds are gaining access can be proofed quickly & cheaply. Nests and any birds must be removed before filling the holes with wire and/or foam.  If birds or rodents are gaining access then building work is the only long term solution and any proofing carried out by us is only a temporary measure.
Birds can only be removed after the mating season when they are not nesting.

Threat:
Dropping can make steps, fire escapes, and pavements slippery.
Financial cost of cleaning defaced buildings
Noise & Smell
Disease - Salmonella food poisoning, ornithosis and fowl pest, Histoplasmosis and cryptococosis
Introduction of insect pests such as dermestid beetles, mites, lice etc
Damage to food stuffs
Prosecution

Behaviour: The noise and filth associated with the Starlings' nest are a nuisance in urban areas. These gregarious birds can be seen throughout the UK and flock together at dusk to roost in vast numbers.

Damage caused by droppings produced at starling roosts can be tremendous, and the noise and smell overpowering.

Starlings harbor the chicken louse, the bird louse and the Northern fowl mite. Starlings are also a factor , although minor, in the spread of fowl cholera, turkey blackhead, Newcastle disease, avian tuberculosis, Eastern equine encephalitis, pullorum, canary pox, anthrax and numerous helminth, fungal and protozoan parasites.

Starlings will readily consume fruit, grains in newly seeded fields and grain in cattle feedlots and poultry farms.   

INSECTS  

COMMON WASPS (Vespula Vulgaris)

Treatment: An insecticide will be used to cover the entrance to the nest. Returning wasps carry the insecticide into the heart of the nest and within a few hours all wasps should be dead.

We use biodegradable insecticides that are odorless, non-tainting and non-corrosive.

Tips: There is little that can be done to prevent wasps nests forming. Wasp and hornet nests should be left alone or removed professionally if they are considered a nuisance.  

Threat: Common wasps & european hornets aggressively defend their colony if it is disturbed 

Behaviour: There are six species of wasp commonly found in the UK but only two enter buildings.

Common wasps are social insects and live in nests of up to around 5,000 - 10,000 workers. At the height of the season, there may be as many as 25,000 wasps in an exceptionally large nest! They build a paper nest made by the wasps who chew small amounts of wood from trees, reeds or garden fences and mix it with saliva to form a pulp which they add to the nest in thin strips. The wasps choose a burrow such as an abandoned animal burrow, a garden shed, or the loft of a house or garage.

A wasp nest survives only for that season and dies off in the late autumn. Although they will never re-inhabit an old nest, wasps may build a new one directly beside an old colony.

No species of wasp will attack a human except in defense but the workers will aggressively defend the nest (the larger European is particularly aggressive). If a nest is disturbed, the wasps may respond by releasing more than 100 defending wasps, each capable of delivering several stings.

Wasp venom contains factors that release histamine. Most people can survive many stings, responding with only temporary pain and swelling, but hyper allergic individuals - about 1 percent of the population - a wasp sting can be fatal.

It is said that the venom of wasps contains a pheromone which acts as an alarm causing other wasps to become more aggressive when a wasp has stung something or has been killed. It is a bad idea to swat a wasp near its nest site or to attempt to remove the nest yourself.  

BEES
Honey bees are protected. Very often swarms will only stay to rest for 24 hours. Occasionally some bees will be left behind for up to 48 hours when they will then die. If problems persist, contact your local bee keeper.

FLIES
Treatment: Modern biodegradable insecticides are used that are odorless, non-tainting, non-corrosive and non-staining. As long as the surfaces that have been treated are not washed down, the insecticide will remain active for up to 3 months. Dying flies may be seen up to 4 weeks after treatment.  

Tips: The cleaner the premises are kept the less likely the chance of any infestations. Flies will feed on food debris, so this means keeping areas clean and food covered or in a fridge /freezer wherever possible.

Threat: Salmonella food poisoning and infantile diarrhea, mastitis, poultry pullorum, anthrax, polio, and many more.  

House Fly
Adult flies lay eggs in horse, cow, pig, dog, poultry and human manure, garbage or decaying meat. They can readily breed in fresh and wet incinerated garbage. They may also breed in wet flour and soybean meal around industrial plants. As many as 868 fly pupa can develop from 1 ounce of manure.  

Houseflies are a danger to the health of man and animals principally because they carry and spread disease organisms by moving from rubbish and sewage to our dinner plates. They carry bacteria on the outside of their bodies and regurgitate saliva and deposit waste on our food.

Lesser House Fly
6mm. The Lesser house fly is commonly found indoors, especially males, which fly on irregular triangular or square courses in rooms, usually under pendant lights.

This fly is a major pest of poultry houses and farms where it breeds in manure and other semi-liquid organic matter.

Although many species of flying insect are attracted to ultra-violet light emitted by electric fly killers, the Lesser house fly is not one of them.

Bluebottle
The Bluebottle is a member of a group of flies commonly referred to as 'blowflies' on account of their habit of 'blowing' or depositing their eggs on exposed meat. They are a pest of buildings where meat is to be found: slaughter houses, canning factories, meat processors and, of course, our homes. Outdoors they are associated with decaying animal matter and rubbish tips.

The female fly will enter houses with a loud buzzing noise, searching for flesh for depositing eggs on, or for food.  

Ants
Treatment: Residual powder or gel treatment
Tips: 4mm. There are a profusion of treatments on the market, the best being a long lasting residual treatment. They tend not to work when ants have begun flying.

Threat: They are not known to carry any diseases.
Behavior: The Black garden ant is to be found throughout the UK , particularly where soil is of a sandy nature. They are common around homes and the workplace, the worker ants entering through cracks in brickwork and around windows in search of food.

These ants follow trails, so when a rich source of food is found, this information is communicated back to the nest resulting in large numbers of ants following a trail from the nest back to the food source. Nest openings can be distinguished by small piles of fine earth.

There can be as many as three to four flights of male and female ants from any nest per year, which is when most ant problems are noticed. Unfortunately at this stage, residual treatments are unlikely to be effective. Professional treatments can be used at this stage.

Larder Beetle
Treatment: Insecticide. UV light can help control, but rarely eradicates a problem.
Tips: Keep all storage areas and work surfaces clean & dry.
Behaviour: 3mm in size. The Larder beetle is one member of a group of insects commonly known as Dermestid beetles. These insects attack animal furs and feathers and feed on meat scraps found behind and under units in meat processing plants, renderers, butchers, fishmongers, delicatessen counters in supermarkets and kitchens. Dermestid beetles fly and most are attracted to ultra-violet light emitted by electric fly killers.

They are particularly pests to museums, where collections of stuffed animals can be destroyed. In this case fumigation is often the only solution.

Australian Spider Beetle
Treatment: Residual spray treatment or fumigation.
Behavior: 3.5mm. Of the 400 species of spider beetles, 14 are known in the UK and the Australian spider beetle is now one of the most common and widespread pests of stored products and miscellaneous food debris. The adults avoid light and feign death when disturbed.

Spider beetles are so-called due to their appearance when viewed from above. Although all insects have only six legs, the long antennae of the spider beetles gives the impression of another pair of legs and thus of a spider.

They are commonly found in old birds' nests, but may also be found in stores, larders and warehouses, living as a scavenger on debris such as dried plant and animal materials. They abandon their nests when a food source is exhausted.

Booklice Psocids
Treatment: Fumigation & spray treatment

Tips:
All infested foodstuffs should be disposed of in an outside bin.
Clean storage areas with mild bleach, paying attention to crevices - every two weeks for at least two months.
Ensure the area is completely dry before replacing food.
Dry foods are best stored in labeled plastic containers.
Keep food storage areas used for storing scrupulously clean.
Rotate stock of dried food and inspect regularly.
Treat dry goods by putting them in a plastic bag and placing them in a freezer for 24 hours.
Seal unfinished edges on chipboard with paint or varnish.
Ensure wallpaper edges are well pasted down.
Ensure tile gaps are filled.

Threat: Virtually harmless in small numbers. Infestations can cause significant damage.

Behaviour: The Psocid or Booklouse is 1 - 1½mm in length. It is either pale grey or pale brown and may or may not have wings.

Psocids do not usually feed directly upon human food stuffs but they will occur in significant numbers where there has been mould or fungal development within the food itself. They do however live on foods with a high vitamin B content.

Booklice feed principally on microscopic moulds on damp materials and are often found within dry products such as flour, bagged nuts, milk powder, chocolate, yeast and stored cereal grains . They may also be found on books, furnishings, walls, and newly plastered surfaces which are still damp. Despite their name, booklice do not bite. Some people do suffer from skin reactions to them.

Psocids favour warm and humid conditions and and they rapidly increase in numbers in these conditions, kitchens tend to be the best place for them to live.

When valuable books or other items are infested, fumigation will control booklice without damaging the articles.

Bed Bugs
Treatment: Spray treatment and / or fumigation

Tips: Check second hand furniture for signs of infestation before bringing into your home.
Look around bed heads in hotel rooms for dark spots at the base of the head board (a sure sign of bed bugs).

Threat: Not known to carry disease. Bites and feeding on human blood can cause irritation.

Behaviour: 5mm long by about 3mm wide. If the bed bug has not recently fed it is flat and red-brown in colour. Once fed it turns to a dark mahogany colour and becomes more rounded.

Bed bugs feed on mammalian blood. The adults live for up to eighteen months usually feeding weekly, but can survive for over a year without blood. They emerge at night to search for prey and tend to bite the upper part of the body leaving specks of blood on the skin.

In domestic properties most infestations are found in the bedroom. Their hiding places will be close to where you sleep: in the bed frame, mattress, bedside furniture, skirting board or wallpaper, anywhere that offers a dark hiding place.

Central heating and resultant warm conditions stimulate continuous activity and feeding over the winter months.

Bed bugs can unwittingly be carried into clean well kept properties, for example by the movement of second-hand furniture from an infested property.

The very thought of being preyed upon by such creatures is often sufficient to encourage immediate action to control them!

Fleas
Treatment: Insecticide spray. Treated areas should not be vacuumed for 10 days after treatment. Repeat treatments are often required as the flea eggs are not killed by insecticide.
Wet vacuuming can sometimes get rid of minor problems.

Tips: Treat pets - see your local vet
Clean infested areas thoroughly with a vacuum cleaner.
Vacuum & wash pet bedding at 50°C or more if possible.

Behaviour: 2.5mm. Adult fleas live on a host usually either cat or dog and occasionally humans. Fleas may be found in carpets, soft furnishings and pet bedding, the population reaching a peak in the autumn months.

Fleas lays small white oval shaped eggs. These eggs hatch in about a week, turning into small thread-like larvae. After three weeks the larvae will be fully grown and spin a cocoon and pupate. After seven days the adult flea will emerge, but can remain in the cocoon stage (up to 9 months) until sensing the presence of a host.

Walking into a vacated house may still result in a flea infestation due to the activation of dormant cocoons.

Cockroaches
Treatment: Baits together with residual sprays and dusts will control the majority of infestations, particularly if the insecticides can be introduced into harborages and deeper voids.

A pyrethrin aerosol spray can be used to flush the cockroaches from hiding.

In general cockroach monitors are not as effective against German cockroaches as Oriental cockroaches.

Tips: Keep work surfaces clean. Ensure food is properly stored.

Threat: The German Cockroach is known to carry and spread various human diseases. It walks and feeds on putrefying waste, drinks un savoury waste and then walks over food preparation areas, cutlery, crockery and food.
Human fright is another threat! The sight of so many scurrying pests at night when a light is thrown in a darkened kitchen is somewhat upsetting!

Behavior: The German cockroach is a pest of warm indoor environments, particularly institution heating systems, bakeries etc. Cockroaches are gregarious and produce sizable populations. 30C is the optimal temperature in which they breed. Their colonies can create a strong sour smell from aggregation pheromones and defecation.
They emerge during the dark to forage for food and water and invariably hide in the vicinity of taps, sinks, drains and other water sources.

 

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